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  2. Reinforcement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement

    A generalized reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer that has obtained the reinforcing function by pairing with many other reinforcers and functions as a reinforcer under a wide-variety of motivating operations. (One example of this is money because it is paired with many other reinforcers). [14]: 83

  3. Classical conditioning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioning

    Classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US). Usually, the conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus (e.g., the sound of a tuning fork), the unconditioned stimulus is biologically potent (e.g., the taste of food) and the unconditioned response (UR) to the unconditioned stimulus is an unlearned reflex response (e.g., salivation).

  4. Extinction (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_(psychology)

    An unconditioned stimulus is one that naturally and automatically triggers a certain behavioral response. A certain stimulus or environment can become a conditioned cue or a conditioned context, respectively, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus. An example of this process is a fear conditioning paradigm using a mouse. In this instance, a ...

  5. Motivating operation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivating_operation

    Note that a motivating operation differs from a discriminative stimulus (Sd). A discriminative stimulus signals the availability of reinforcement, while a motivating operation changes the effectiveness of a reinforcer. [2] Nine main unconditioned (i.e. not learned) motivating operations, have been identified in humans. Deprivation of food ...

  6. Neutral stimulus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_stimulus

    The presentation of a neutral stimulus does not result in any particular response, but the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus results in an unconditioned response, which was the dogs salivating in Pavlov's experiments. After conditioning, the bell ringing became a conditioned stimulus. [2]

  7. Rescorla–Wagner model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescorla–Wagner_model

    Van Hamme and Wasserman have extended the original Rescorla–Wagner (RW) model and introduced a new factor in their revised RW model in 1994: [3] They suggested that not only conditioned stimuli physically present on a given trial can undergo changes in their associative strength, the associative value of a CS can also be altered by a within-compound-association with a CS present on that trial.

  8. Shaping (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaping_(psychology)

    The dogs naturally, unconditionally, salivated (unconditioned response) to the food (unconditioned stimulus) given to them, but through learning, conditionally, came to salivate (conditioned response) to the tone (conditioned stimulus) that predicted food. In auto-shaping, a light is reliably turned on shortly before animals are given food.

  9. Stimulus (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(psychology)

    The unconditioned stimulus is the dog's food that would naturally cause salivation, which is an unconditioned response. Pavlov then trained the dog by ringing the bell every time before food. The conditioned stimulus is the ringing bell after training, which causes salivation as a conditioned response. [3] [page needed]