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Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS), is a group of symptoms caused by obstruction of the superior vena cava ("SVC"), a short, wide vessel carrying circulating blood into the heart. The majority of cases are caused by malignant tumors within the mediastinum , most commonly lung cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma , directly compressing or invading ...
Superior vena cava syndrome is a rare complication of arm DVT. [11] DVT is thought to be able to cause a stroke in the presence of a heart defect. This is called a paradoxical embolism because the clot abnormally travels from the pulmonary circuit to the systemic circuit while inside the heart.
Other symptoms can develop based on the cause. For example, if portal vein thrombosis develops due to liver cirrhosis , bleeding or other signs of liver disease may be present. If portal vein thrombosis develops due to pylephlebitis , signs of infection such as fever, chills, or night sweats may be present.
Non-developmental syndromes also directly or indirectly affect the Great Cerebral Vein of Galen, although they are extremely rare. These include superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS), and thrombosis of the lateral sinus, superior sagittal sinus, internal jugular vein, or of the Great Cerebral Vein of Galen itself. [citation needed]
The left superior vena cava is not shown in this image. In anatomy , a persistent left superior vena cava is the most common variation of the thoracic venous system . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is present in between 0.3% and 0.5% of the population, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] and is an embryologic remnant that results from a failure to involute .
If obstruction of the superior vena cava by the Pancoast tumor occurs, a resulting mass effect called the superior vena cava syndrome occurs, resulting in facial swelling cyanosis and dilatation of the veins of the head and neck. This syndrome can be seen in 5-10% of patient cases. [11]
This enables the interventional radiologist to gain access to the patient's hepatic vein by traveling from the superior vena cava into the inferior vena cava and finally the hepatic vein. Once the catheter is in the hepatic vein, a wedge pressure is obtained to calculate the pressure gradient in the liver.
If this vein fails to disappear, the persistent left superior vena cava will form. [13] This anomaly is present in between 0.3% and 0.5% of the population and roughly 2.1% to 4.3% of those with congenital heart disease. [3] Usually babies who experience the persistence of a left superior vena cava display other heart anomalies as well. [13]