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This x-intercept is also referred to as aligning prism or – in earlier times – as associated phoria when the subjective nonius method was used (sP 0) the slope of the curve near zero prism load; Fig. 3: Fixation disparity as a function of the forced vergence angle which is induced by base-in prisms and base-out prisms in front of the eyes.
A cover test is an objective determination of the presence and amount of ocular deviation, such as strabismus or phoria. It involves covering and uncovering one eye while observing the movement of the other eye with a fixation target at different distances.
Exophoria is a tendency of the eyes to deviate outward, usually mild and with fusion possible. It can be caused by refractive errors, divergence excess, or convergence insufficiency, and is common in infancy and childhood.
The prism cover test (PCT) is an objective method to measure ocular misalignment or deviation of the eye. It involves using prism bars, occluder, and targets to neutralise the deviation and record the angle and base of the prism.
Maddox wing is an instrument for measuring strabismus (eye misalignment) by dissociating the eyes with septa and arrows. Learn about its indications, equipment, method, interpretation, advantages, disadvantages and considerations.
Exotropia is a form of strabismus where the eyes are deviated outward, causing crossed diplopia and loss of binocular vision. Learn about the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatment options for exotropia, such as glasses, patching, exercises, surgery, and vision therapy.
Vergence is the simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions to obtain or maintain single binocular vision. Learn about the different types of vergence, such as convergence, divergence and fusional vergence, and the common vergence dysfunctions that affect eye alignment and vision.
The bases of a matroid characterize the matroid completely: a set is independent if and only if it is a subset of a basis. Moreover, one may define a matroid to be a pair (,), where is the ground-set and is a collection of subsets of , called "bases", with the following properties: [7] [8]