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Direct negative evidence in language acquisition consists of utterances that indicate whether a construction in a language is ungrammatical. [1] Direct negative evidence differs from indirect negative evidence because it is explicitly presented to a language learner (e.g. a child might be corrected by a parent).
This is because, if the drug were harmful, evidence of that fact can be expected to turn up during testing. The expectation of evidence makes its absence significant. [4] As the previous example shows, the difference between evidence that something is absent (e.g., an observation that suggests there were no dragons here today) and simple ...
Though it is generally agreed that there is positive evidence (i.e. evidence that demonstrates grammatical linguistic constructions) in the language input, there is a dearth of direct negative evidence in the general language learner input since most native or veteran speakers produce grammatical as opposed to ungrammatical speech. [5]
Case series have a descriptive study design; unlike studies that employ an analytic design (e.g. cohort studies, case-control studies or randomized controlled trials), case series do not, in themselves, involve hypothesis testing to look for evidence of cause and effect (though case-only analyses are sometimes performed in genetic epidemiology ...
In medicine, a case report is a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports may contain a demographic profile of the patient, but usually describe an unusual or novel occurrence. Some case reports also contain a literature review of other reported cases.
Of these studies, 16% were contradicted by subsequent studies, 16% had found stronger effects than did subsequent studies, 44% were replicated, and 24% remained largely unchallenged. [85] A 2011 analysis by researchers with pharmaceutical company Bayer found that, at most, a quarter of Bayer's in-house findings replicated the original results ...
Real-time studies are crucial because changes do not necessarily occur in stable, progressive increments that can be documented synchronically, as is assumed in the apparent-time hypothesis. Language change may occur quickly as a result of social changes. That was the case in the dialects of some island communities, such as Smith Island ...
The Lancet MMR autism fraud was amplified by lack of contextualisation. Publication bias – which can be detected with a funnel plot – leads to overrepresentation of studies that report a correlation or large effect size. Daryl Bem's claimed evidence of effect preceding cause is used as an example.