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The term "quadrature" is a traditional term for area; the integral is geometrically interpreted as the area under the curve y = x n. Traditionally important cases are y = x 2 , the quadrature of the parabola , known in antiquity, and y = 1/ x , the quadrature of the hyperbola , whose value is a logarithm .
The quotients formed by the area of these polygons divided by the square of the circle radius can be made arbitrarily close to π as the number of polygon sides becomes large, proving that the area inside the circle of radius r is πr 2, π being defined as the ratio of the circumference to the diameter (C/d).
The equation defining a plane curve expressed in polar coordinates is known as a polar equation. In many cases, such an equation can simply be specified by defining r as a function of φ. The resulting curve then consists of points of the form (r(φ), φ) and can be regarded as the graph of the polar function r.
The polar angle is denoted by [,]: it is the angle between the z-axis and the radial vector connecting the origin to the point in question. The azimuthal angle is denoted by φ ∈ [ 0 , 2 π ] {\displaystyle \varphi \in [0,2\pi ]} : it is the angle between the x -axis and the projection of the radial vector onto the xy -plane.
Graphs of roses are composed of petals.A petal is the shape formed by the graph of a half-cycle of the sinusoid that specifies the rose. (A cycle is a portion of a sinusoid that is one period T = 2π / k long and consists of a positive half-cycle, the continuous set of points where r ≥ 0 and is T / 2 = π / k long, and a negative half-cycle is the other half where r ...
Conversely, the polar line (or polar) of a point Q in a circle C is the line L such that its closest point P to the center of the circle is the inversion of Q in C. If a point A lies on the polar line q of another point Q, then Q lies on the polar line a of A. More generally, the polars of all the points on the line q must pass through its pole Q.
A parabolic segment is the region bounded by a parabola and line. To find the area of a parabolic segment, Archimedes considers a certain inscribed triangle. The base of this triangle is the given chord of the parabola, and the third vertex is the point on the parabola such that the tangent to the parabola at that point is parallel to the chord.
The angle between the spiral tangent and the corresponding polar circle (see diagram) is called angle of the polar slope and the polar slope. From vector calculus in polar coordinates one gets the formula = ′ .