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Limonene (/ ˈ l ɪ m ə n ˌ iː n /) is a colorless liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic monoterpene, and is the major component in the essential oil of citrus fruit peels. [1] The (+)- isomer , occurring more commonly in nature as the fragrance of oranges, is a flavoring agent in food manufacturing.
Perillyl alcohol and its precursor limonene are naturally occurring monocyclic terpenes derived from the mevalonate pathway in plants. Perillyl alcohol can be found in the essential oils of various plants, such as lavender, lemongrass, sage, and peppermint. [1] It has a number of manufacturing, household, and medical applications.
Citronella oil, from a plant related to lemon grass is used as an insect repellent; Clary Sage oil, used in perfumery and as an additive flavoring in some alcoholic beverages. [7] Clove oil used in perfumery and medicinally. Coconut oil, used for skin, food, and hair; Coffee oil, used to flavor food. Coriander oil
Carvone may be synthetically prepared from limonene by first treating limonene nitrosyl chloride. Heating this nitroso compound gives carvoxime. Treating carvoxime with oxalic acid yields carvone. [14] This procedure affords R-(−)-carvone from R-(+)-limonene. The major use of d-limonene is as a precursor to S-(+)-carvone. The large scale ...
Many monoterpenes are volatile compounds and some of them are well-known fragrants found in the essential oils of many plants. [12] For example, camphor , citral , citronellol , geraniol , grapefruit mercaptan , eucalyptol , ocimene , myrcene , limonene , linalool , menthol , camphene and pinenes are used in perfumes and cosmetic products.
Citrus hystrix, called the kaffir lime, Thai lime [4] or makrut lime, [5] (US: / ˈ m æ k r ə t /, UK: / m ə k ˈ r uː t /) [6] is a citrus fruit native to tropical Southeast Asia. [7] [8]Its fruit and leaves are used in Southeast Asian cuisine, and its essential oil is used in perfumery. [9]
It is also found in the essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and Satureja myrtifolia (also known as Zoufa in some regions). [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Both enantiomers are known in nature; (1 S ,5 S )- or (−)-α-pinene is more common in European pines, whereas the (1 R ,5 R )- or (+)-α-isomer is more common in North America.
It is an evergreen shrub growing to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) tall. The leaves are opposite, rounded, about 20 mm (0.79 in) long and broad, glossy, and fragrant. [1] The flowers are white or pale pink, with five petals; the fruit is a five-parted capsule which splits open to release the seeds.