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Inclusion–exclusion principle. In combinatorics, a branch of mathematics, the inclusion–exclusion principle is a counting technique which generalizes the familiar method of obtaining the number of elements in the union of two finite sets; symbolically expressed as. where A and B are two finite sets and | S | indicates the cardinality of a ...
In proving results in combinatorics several useful combinatorial rules or combinatorial principles are commonly recognized and used. The rule of sum, rule of product, and inclusion–exclusion principle are often used for enumerative purposes. Bijective proofs are utilized to demonstrate that two sets have the same number of elements.
Social equity is concerned with justice and fairness of social policy based on the principle of substantive equality, equal outcomes for groups. [1] Social equity within a society is different from social equality based on formal equality of opportunity. [2] For example, person A may have no difficulty walking, person B may be able to walk but ...
In mathematics, and more specifically in algebraic topology and polyhedral combinatorics, the Euler characteristic (or Euler number, or Euler–Poincaré characteristic) is a topological invariant, a number that describes a topological space 's shape or structure regardless of the way it is bent. It is commonly denoted by (Greek lower-case ...
Disability. "The normalization principle means making available to all people with disabilities patterns of life and conditions of everyday living which are as close as possible to the regular circumstances and ways of life or society." [1] Normalization is a rigorous theory of human services that can be applied to disability services. [2]
Multiliteracy (plural: multiliteracies) is an approach to literacy theory and pedagogy coined in the mid-1990s by the New London Group. [1] The approach is characterized by two key aspects of literacy – linguistic diversity and multimodal forms of linguistic expressions and representation. It was coined in response to two major changes in the ...
The inclusion/exclusion model [ edit ] A more specific model to predict assimilation and contrast effects with differences in categorizing information is the inclusion/exclusion model developed 1992 by Norbert Schwarz and Herbert Bless.< [ 7 ] It explains the mechanism through which effects occur. [ 8 ]
Taiwan's exclusion from the UN is being challenged by the global community due to China's undue influence and expansionist ambitions, as well as its false claims to Taiwan's territory, and the ...