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In aqueous solution, ammonia deprotonates a small fraction of the water to give ammonium and hydroxide according to the following equilibrium: . NH 3 + H 2 O ⇌ NH + 4 + OH −.. In a 1 M ammonia solution, about 0.42% of the ammonia is converted to ammonium, equivalent to pH = 11.63 because [NH +
The glycoside bond is represented by the central oxygen atom, which holds the two monosaccharide units together. Monosaccharides can be linked together by glycosidic bonds, which can be cleaved by hydrolysis. Two, three, several or many monosaccharides thus linked form disaccharides, trisaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides ...
The electron affinity (E ea) of an atom or molecule is defined as the amount of energy released when an electron attaches to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous state to form an anion. X(g) + e − → X − (g) + energy. This differs by sign from the energy change of electron capture ionization. [1]
Energy released by annihilation of 1 gram of antimatter and matter (50 GW·h) 3.75×10 14 J: Total energy released by the Chelyabinsk meteor. [178] 6×10 14 J: Energy released by an average hurricane per day [179] 10 15: peta-(PJ) > 10 15 J: Energy released by a severe thunderstorm [180] 1×10 15 J: Yearly electricity consumption in Greenland ...
[1] [2] At chemical equilibrium or in phase equilibrium, the total sum of the product of chemical potentials and stoichiometric coefficients is zero, as the free energy is at a minimum. [3] [4] [5] In a system in diffusion equilibrium, the chemical potential of any chemical species is uniformly the same everywhere throughout the system. [6]
Compared to hydrogen as a fuel, ammonia is much more energy efficient, and could be produced, stored and delivered at a much lower cost than hydrogen, which must be kept compressed or as a cryogenic liquid. [88] [89] The raw energy density of liquid ammonia is 11.5 MJ/L, [88] which is about a third that of diesel.
In 1953, then-President Dwight Eisenhower gave his famous “Atoms for Peace” speech, in which he pledged to unite the world with the cheap, plentiful energy nuclear fission could produce.
In 1959, Shull and Hall [4] advocated atomic units based on Hartree's model but again chose to use as the defining unit. They explicitly named the distance unit a "Bohr radius"; in addition, they wrote the unit of energy as = / and called it a Hartree. These terms came to be used widely in quantum chemistry.