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DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA.It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
In the 1980s, low-throughput sequencing using the Sanger method was used to sequence random transcripts, producing expressed sequence tags (ESTs). [ 2 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The Sanger method of sequencing was predominant until the advent of high-throughput methods such as sequencing by synthesis (Solexa/Illumina).
Maxam–Gilbert sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing developed by Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert in 1976–1977. This method is based on nucleobase-specific partial chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage of the DNA backbone at sites adjacent to the modified nucleotides. [1] An example Maxam–Gilbert sequencing reaction.
The first DNA sequencing methods were developed by Gilbert (1973) [8] and Sanger (1975). [9] Gilbert introduced a sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA followed by cleavage at specific bases whereas Sanger's technique is based on dideoxynucleotide chain termination. The Sanger method became popular due to its increased ...
The mRNA is extracted from the organism, fragmented and copied into stable ds-cDNA (blue). The ds-cDNA is sequenced using high-throughput, short-read sequencing methods. These sequences can then be aligned to a reference genome sequence to reconstruct which genome regions were being transcribed. This data can be used to annotate where expressed ...
CITE-Seq (Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing) is a method for performing RNA sequencing along with gaining quantitative and qualitative information on surface proteins with available antibodies on a single cell level. [1] So far, the method has been demonstrated to work with only a few proteins per cell.
3' mRNA-seq is a quantitative, genome-wide transcriptomic technique based on the barcoding of the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNA molecules. Unlike standard bulk RNA-seq, where short sequencing reads are generated along the entire length of mRNA transcripts, only the 3' end of polyadenylated RNAs are sequenced in 3' mRNA-seq.
During sequencing, each base in the template is sequenced twice, and the resulting data are decoded according to this scheme. SOLiD (Sequencing by Oligonucleotide Ligation and Detection) is a next-generation DNA sequencing technology developed by Life Technologies and has been commercially available since