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Production car tires typically develop this maximum lateral force, or cornering force, at a slip angle of 6-10 degrees, although this angle increases as the vertical load on the tire increases. [ 1 ] Formula 1 car tires may reach a peak side force at 3 degrees [ 2 ]
Colorized tire footprint pressure distribution. The contact patch is the portion of a vehicle's tire that is in actual contact with the road surface.It is commonly used in the discussion of pneumatic (i.e. pressurized) tires, where the term is used strictly to describe the portion of the tire's tread that touches the road surface.
The upper chuck lowers to make contact with the upper bead. The tire is inflated to the set point pressure. The load wheel advances to contact the tire and apply the set loading force. The spindle drive accelerates the tire to the test speed. Once speed, force, and pressure are stable, load cells measure the force exerted on the load wheel by ...
According to Dupuit (1837), rolling resistance (of wheeled carriages with wooden wheels with iron tires) is approximately inversely proportional to the square root of wheel diameter. [34] This rule has been experimentally verified for cast iron wheels (8″ - 24″ diameter) on steel rail [35] and for 19th century carriage wheels. [33]
Pressure is measured in the SI unit of pascals (Pa). Average ground pressure can be calculated using the standard formula for average pressure: P = F/A. [2] In an idealised case, i.e. a static, uniform net force normal to level ground, this is simply the object's weight divided by contact area.
Even if the slip angle and camber angle are zero, and the road is flat, this torque will still be generated due to asymmetries in the tire's construction and the asymmetrical shape and pressure distribution of the contact patch. Typically for a production tire this torque reaches a maximum at 2–4 degrees of slip (this figure depends on many ...
Hans Bastiaan Pacejka (12 September 1934 – 17 September 2017) [1] was an expert in vehicle system dynamics and particularly in tire dynamics, fields in which his works are now standard references. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] He was Professor emeritus at Delft University of Technology in Delft , Netherlands .
The tyre load index (LI) on a passenger-car tire is a two- or three-digit numerical code used to cross-reference a load & inflation table that will give the maximum load each tire can carry at a given pressure.