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Pupils at Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Pennsylvania, c. 1900. American Indian boarding schools, also known more recently as American Indian residential schools, were established in the United States from the mid-17th to the early 20th centuries with a primary objective of "civilizing" or assimilating Native American children and youth into Anglo-American culture.
The U.S. ran more than 400 boarding schools aimed at assimilating Native American children, and at least 973 children died at the schools.
These were operated by both Protestant and Catholic organizations. In 1891 through the early 20th century, the government used the Civilization Fund Act as authority to establish numerous Native American boarding schools. The Civilization Fund Act eventually led to the creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) in 1824.
Many large Indian boarding schools closed in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 2007, 9,500 American Indian children lived in an Indian boarding school dormitory. [citation needed] From 1879 when the Carlisle Indian School was founded to the present day, more than 100,000 American Indians are estimated to have attended an Indian boarding school.
More than 500 Indian boarding schools were established across America, in which young children were forced to leave their families, cut their hair and speak English only, and were subject to ...
The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition already had what was considered the most extensive list of boarding schools. The Minnesota-based group has spent years building its ...
Deb Haaland characterized the boarding school system as a "concerted attempt to eradicate the 'Indian problem'" through assimilation or outright wiping out Native American culture. [3] While expressing personal remorse, Haaland suggested that the United States federal government needed to make a formal apology on behalf of the abuse, death, and ...
President Joe Biden apologized on Thursday for the U.S. government's role in running abusive Native American boarding schools for more than 150 years, marking an acknowledgement of devastation the ...