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National income and output (billions of dollars) Period ending 2003 Gross national product: 11,063.3 Net U.S. income receipts from rest of the world: 55.2 U.S. income receipts: 329.1 U.S. income payments-273.9 Gross domestic product: 11,008.1 Private consumption of fixed capital: 1,135.9 Government consumption of fixed capital
Since the model cannot be solved explicitly, it is instructive to analyze the trajectory of the economy in terms of a phase diagram. The two lines defining the center of the cycle divide the positive orthant into four regions. The figure below indicates with arrows the movement of the economy in each region. For example, the north-western ...
The gross national income (GNI), previously known as gross national product (GNP), is the total amount of factor incomes earned by the residents of a country. It is equal to gross domestic product (GDP), plus factor incomes received from non-resident by residents, minus factor income paid by residents to non-resident. [2]: 44
A macroeconomic model is an analytical tool designed to describe the operation of the problems of economy of a country or a region. These models are usually designed to examine the comparative statics and dynamics of aggregate quantities such as the total amount of goods and services produced, total income earned, the level of employment of productive resources, and the level of prices.
Economic growth can be defined as the increase or improvement in the inflation-adjusted economy in a financial year. [2] The economic growth rate is typically calculated as real Gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate , real GDP per capita growth rate or GNI per capita growth .
Market exchange rate-based cross-country comparisons of GDP at its expenditure components reflect both differences in economic outputs (volumes) and prices. Given the differences in price levels, the size of higher income countries is inflated, while the size of lower income countries is depressed in the comparison.
Real business-cycle theory (RBC theory) is a class of new classical macroeconomics models in which business-cycle fluctuations are accounted for by real, in contrast to nominal, shocks. [1]
A key strand of free market economic thinking is that the market's invisible hand guides an economy to prosperity more efficiently than central planning using an economic model. One reason, emphasized by Friedrich Hayek , is the claim that many of the true forces shaping the economy can never be captured in a single plan.