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T cell-derived cytokines bound by B cell cytokine receptors also promote B cell proliferation, immunoglobulin class switching, and somatic hypermutation as well as guide differentiation. [20] After B cells receive these signals, they are considered activated. [20] T-dependent B cell activation
The white pulp contains separate compartments for B and T cells called the B cell zone (BCZ) and the T cell zone (TCZ). [3] B cells make antibodies to fight off bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, and T cells are activated in response to antigens. [1] [2] [3] The marginal zone (MZ) separates the red and white pulp regions and contains ...
The T cell-dependent processes are subdivided into primary and secondary responses: a primary response (meaning that the T cell is present at the time of initial contact by the B cell with the antigen) produces short-lived cells that remain in the extramedullary regions of lymph nodes; a secondary response produces longer-lived cells that ...
B cells begin expressing CD27 at the beginning of the centroblast stage and lose the cell marker after differentiating into centrocytes. CD27 is an important marker for germinal center formation in the lymphoid follicle and is produced by centroblasts interacting with CD28+ helper T cells.
A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in the immune system of most vertebrates. [1] Lymphocytes include T cells (for cell-mediated and cytotoxic adaptive immunity), B cells (for humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity), [2] [3] and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs; "innate T cell-like" cells involved in mucosal immunity and homeostasis), of which natural killer cells are an ...
The centrocytes to compete for T follicular helper cell and dendritic cell help, allowing for selectivity towards centrocytes that bind to antigen with higher affinity. Centrocytes with high affinity are allowed to exit the germinal center as memory B cells or long-lived plasma cells , while other selected centrocytes are allowed to reenter the ...
Follicular helper T cells (also known as T follicular helper cells and abbreviated as T FH), are antigen-experienced CD4 + T cells found in the periphery within B cell follicles of secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen and Peyer's patches, and are identified by their constitutive expression of the B cell follicle homing receptor CXCR5. [1]
Subsequently, the primed cells will differentiate either into effector cells or into memory cells that can mount stronger and faster response to second and upcoming immune challenges. [2] T and B cell priming occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen). Priming of naïve T cells requires dendritic cell antigen presentation.
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