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Hormonal contraception refers to birth control methods that act on the endocrine system. Almost all methods are composed of steroid hormones , although in India one selective estrogen receptor modulator is marketed as a contraceptive.
Estrogen is associated with edema, including facial and abdominal swelling. Melanin. Estrogen is known to cause darkening of skin, especially in the face and areolae. [38] Pale skinned women will develop browner and yellower skin during pregnancy, as a result of the increase of estrogen, known as the "mask of pregnancy". [39]
The risk of VTE with estradiol/nomegestrol acetate birth control pills is under study. [11] Incidence of irregular vaginal bleeding may be higher with estradiol-containing birth control pills in relation to the fact that estradiol is a weaker estrogen than ethinylestradiol in the endometrium. [3]
An estrogen (E) is a type of medication which is used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy, and as part of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. [1] They can also be used in the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancers like breast cancer and prostate cancer and for various other indications.
Excess estrogen, such as from birth control pills, appears to increase cholesterol levels in bile and decrease gallbladder movement, which can lead to gallstones. [152] Progestins found in certain formulations of oral contraceptive pills can limit the effectiveness of weight training to increase muscle mass. [153]
Two types of female oral contraceptive pill, taken once per day, are widely available: The combined oral contraceptive pill contains estrogen and a progestin; colloquially known as "the Pill". The progestogen-only pill, colloquially known as "minipill". For perfect use it is 99% effective and typical use is 91% effective.
Estrogen is considered to play a significant role in women's mental health, with links suggested between the hormone level, mood and well-being. Sudden drops or fluctuations in, or long periods of sustained low levels of estrogen may be correlated with significant mood-lowering.
[126] [127] [124] Women who are not on a birth control pill or hormone therapy have a risk of VTE of about 1 to 5 out of 10,000 women per year. [126] [127] [116] [124] In women taking a birth control pill containing ethinylestradiol and a progestin, the risk of VTE is in the range of 3 to 10 out of 10,000 women per year.