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The Chinese translation of punya is gong 功" achievement; result; skill; meritorious service", compounded in gong-guo 功過 "achievements and errors; merits and sins". The ethnologist Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf described the importance of karmic "merit" in Chinese spiritual thought,
De (/ d ə /; Chinese: 德; pinyin: dé), also written as Te, is a key concept in Chinese philosophy, usually translated "inherent character; inner power; integrity" in Taoism, "moral character; virtue; morality" in Confucianism and other contexts, and "quality; virtue" or "merit; virtuous deeds" in Chinese Buddhism.
The term merit, originally a Christian term, has in the latter part of the twentieth century gradually been used as a translation of the Buddhist term puñña or puñña. [6] The Buddhist term has, however, more of an impermanent character than the English translation implies, [7] and the Buddhist term does not imply a sense of deserving. [8] [9]
Hucker's system has, in the main, not been adopted by the scholarly community. Its strengths are that it was created with a goal of systematisation and universality, and built upon sound principles of translation: that the rendering should ideally convey both the sense of the responsibilities of the office and the literal Chinese meaning, that it should avoid too-familiar Western analogues ...
One Chinese translation of this scripture (by Jñānagupta) states that "the vision of the Buddha arises in dependence upon three causes", which are the Pratyutpannasamādhi itself, the "empowerment of the Buddha" and the ripening of one's good roots of merit. [30] In this Chinese edition, "empowerment of Buddha" is likely a translation of ...
Here are three representative examples of praise: "the most extraordinary Chinese–English dictionary I have ever had such pleasure to look Chinese words up in and to read their English definitions"; [22] "The thorough scholarship and fresh outlook make it a valuable contribution to Chinese lexicography, while the high production standards and ...
Lin's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage comprises approximately 8,100 character head entries and 110,000 word and phrase entries. [10] It includes both modern Chinese neologisms such as xǐnǎo 洗腦 "brainwash" and many Chinese loanwords from English such as yáogǔn 搖滾 "rock 'n' roll" and xīpí 嬉皮 "hippie".
Chinese Buddhists urged people to stop killing animals for ancestor worship, because this would create only bad karma; rather, people were encouraged to practice devotion and make merit, especially making donations to the Buddhist clergy and in that way to help their mothers from a bad rebirth in hell. [154]