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It is suggested that around two-thirds of bacterial infections in humans involve biofilms. [50] [129] Infections associated with the biofilm growth usually are challenging to eradicate. [130] This is mostly due to the fact that mature biofilms display antimicrobial tolerance, and immune response evasions.
Because biofilms protect the bacteria, they are often more resistant to traditional antimicrobial treatments, making them a serious health risk. [1] For example, there are more than one million cases of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) reported each year, many of which can be attributed to bacterial biofilms. [2]
Infections can be localized or systemic, and are often associated with the insertion of medical devices. [6] [7] [8] The highly antibiotic-resistant phenotype and ability to form biofilms make S. haemolyticus a difficult pathogen to treat. [5] Its most closely related species is Staphylococcus borealis. [9]
Although S. epidermidis is not usually pathogenic, patients with compromised immune systems are at risk of developing infection. These infections are generally hospital-acquired. [4] S. epidermidis is a particular concern for people with catheters or other surgical implants because it is known to form biofilms that grow on these devices. [5]
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant cause of chronic biofilm infections on medical implants, and the repressor of toxins is part of the infection pathway. [30] Staphylococcus aureus can lie dormant in the body for years undetected. Once symptoms begin to show, the host is contagious for another two weeks, and the overall illness lasts a few ...
The bacteria then secrete autoinducer proteins that act as bacterial signals which facilitate the secretion of an intricate extracellular matrix, the biofilm. [1] Biofilms greatly decrease antibiotic penetrance thereby shielding bacteria from the bacteriocidal effects of antibiotics. [2] [1] Biofilms usually take 4 weeks to fully mature. [4]
Dental caries is a dental biofilm-related oral disease associated with increased consumption of dietary sugar and fermentable carbohydrates. When dental biofilms remain on tooth surfaces, along with frequent exposure to sugars, acidogenic bacteria (members of dental biofilms) will metabolize the sugars to organic acids.
The bacterial equilibrium position varies at different stages of formation. Below is a summary of the bacteria that may be present during the phases of plaque maturation: Early biofilm: primarily Gram-positive cocci; Older biofilm (3–4 days): increased numbers of filaments and fusiforms