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The C standard library is declared as a collection of header files. The C++ standard library is similar, but the declarations may be provided by the compiler without reading an actual file. C standard header files are named with a .h file name extension, as in #include <stdio.h>. Typically, custom C header files have the same extension.
Some compilers (for example, GCC [8]) provide built-in versions of many of the functions in the C standard library; that is, the implementations of the functions are written into the compiled object file, and the program calls the built-in versions instead of the functions in the C library shared object file.
For example, the template base class in the Factorial example below is implemented by matching 0 rather than with an inequality test, which was previously unavailable. However, the arrival in C++11 of standard library features such as std::conditional has provided another, more flexible way to handle conditional template instantiation.
Differences between C and C++ linkage and calling conventions can also have subtle implications for code that uses function pointers. Some compilers will produce non-working code if a function pointer declared extern "C" points to a C++ function that is not declared extern "C". [22] For example, the following code:
The C++ Standard Library provides several generic containers, functions to use and manipulate these containers, function objects, generic strings and streams (including interactive and file I/O), support for some language features, and functions for common tasks such as finding the square root of a number.
Server Side Includes (SSI) is a simple interpreted server-side scripting language used almost exclusively for the World Wide Web.It is most useful for including the contents of one or more files into a web page on a web server (see below), using its #include directive.
Additionally, POSIX includes ssize_t, which is a signed integer type of the same width as size_t. ptrdiff_t is a signed integer type used to represent the difference between pointers. It is guaranteed to be valid only against pointers of the same type; subtraction of pointers consisting of different types is implementation-defined.
The C preprocessor processes inclusion directives like #include "foo.h" to include "foo.h" and transcludes the code of that file into a copy of the main file often called the translation unit. However, if an #include directive for a given file appears multiple times during compilation, the code will effectively be duplicated in that file.