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Although the exact mechanism is not completely understood, astrocytes are known to facilitate changes in blood flow [9] [10] and have long been thought to play a role in waste removal in the brain. [11] Researchers have long known that astrocytes express water channels called aquaporins. [12]
The three populations of astrocyte subtypes which have been identified are: 1) dorsally located VA1 astrocytes, derived from p1 domain, express PAX6 and reelin; 2) ventrally located VA3 astrocytes, derived from p3, express NKX6.1 and SLIT1; and 3) intermediate white-matter located VA2 astrocyte, derived from the p2 domain, which express PAX6 ...
Since bergmann glia appear to persist in the cerebellum, and perform many of the roles characteristic of astrocytes, they have also been called "specialized astrocytes." [ 9 ] Bergmann glia have multiple radial processes that extend across the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex and terminate at the pial surface as a bulbous endfoot. [ 11 ]
The blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) is a fluid–brain barrier that is composed of a pair of membranes that separate blood from CSF at the capillary level and CSF from brain tissue. [14] The blood–CSF boundary at the choroid plexus is a membrane composed of epithelial cells and tight junctions that link them. [14]
[1] CSF volume is higher on a mL per kg body weight basis in children compared to adults. Infants have a CSF volume of 4 mL/kg, children have a CSF volume of 3 mL/kg, and adults have a CSF volume of 1.5–2 mL/kg. A high CSF volume is why a larger dose of local anesthetic, on a mL/kg basis, is needed in infants. [19]
The ependyma is the thin neuroepithelial (simple columnar ciliated epithelium) lining of the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. [1] The ependyma is one of the four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS).
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Micrograph showing gliosis in the cerebellum. Reactive astrocytes on the left display severe proliferation and domain overlap. Reactive astrogliosis is the most common form of gliosis and involves the proliferation of astrocytes, a type of glial cell responsible for maintaining extracellular ion and neurotransmitter concentrations, modulating synapse function, and forming the blood–brain ...