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  2. Pleonasm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleonasm

    Pleonasm can serve as a redundancy check; if a word is unknown, misunderstood, misheard, or if the medium of communication is poor—a static-filled radio transmission or sloppy handwriting—pleonastic phrases can help ensure that the meaning is communicated even if some of the words are lost. [citation needed]

  3. Dummy pronoun - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dummy_pronoun

    A dummy pronoun, also known as an expletive pronoun, is a deictic pronoun that fulfills a syntactical requirement without providing a contextually explicit meaning of its referent. [1] As such, it is an example of exophora. Dummy pronouns are used in many Germanic languages, including German and English.

  4. Avalency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalency

    Because it is semantically meaningless, pleonastic it is not considered a true argument, meaning that a verb with this it as the subject is truly avalent. However, others believe that it represents a quasi-argument, having no real-world referent, but retaining certain syntactic abilities. [ 4 ]

  5. Expletive (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expletive_(linguistics)

    An expletive is a word or phrase inserted into a sentence that is not needed to express the basic meaning of the sentence. [1] It is regarded as semantically null or a placeholder. [2] Expletives are not insignificant or meaningless in all senses; they may be used to give emphasis or tone, to contribute to the meter in verse, or to indicate ...

  6. Wikipedia:Glossary - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary

    footnote marker – the bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word; like these dummy examples. [1] [a] [Note 1] footnote label – the part between the brackets; following the above example: '1', 'a', or 'Note 1'. footnote – the full note or reference, displayed automatically in an ordered list in the Notes and references appendix of ...

  7. List of glossing abbreviations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations

    Grammatical abbreviations are generally written in full or small caps to visually distinguish them from the translations of lexical words. For instance, capital or small-cap PAST (frequently abbreviated to PST) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case 'past' would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning.

  8. Pleonastic pronoun - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/?title=Pleonastic_pronoun&...

    Pages for logged out editors learn more. Contributions; Talk; Pleonastic pronoun

  9. Synonym - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym

    Synonym list in cuneiform on a clay tablet, Neo-Assyrian period [1] A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means precisely or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. [2] For example, in the English language, the words begin, start, commence, and initiate are all synonyms of one another: they are ...