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Efflorescence is usually the result of mineral solutions in the capillary channels being drawn to the surface. If the water evaporates, the minerals remain as the so-called efflorescence. It also can be the result of chemical reaction; if badly prepared cement-based mortar is applied to maintain the stone in position, free calcium hydroxide may ...
Primary efflorescence is named such, as it typically occurs during the initial cure of a cementitious product. It often occurs on masonry construction, particularly brick, as well as some firestop mortars, when water moving through a wall or other structure, or water being driven out as a result of the heat of hydration as cement stone is being formed, brings salts to the surface that are not ...
Diagram of a concrete slab of hollow core construction Photograph of a hollowcore assembly. A hollow core slab, also known as a voided slab, hollow core plank or simply a concrete plank is a precast slab of prestressed concrete typically used in the construction of floors in multi-story apartment buildings.
Engineered wood is the most common type of wood flooring in Europe and has been growing in popularity in North America. [4] Laminate and vinyl floors are often confused with engineered wood floors, but are not. Laminate flooring uses an image of wood on its surface, while vinyl flooring is plastic formed to look like wood.
When testing wood in lumber form, the Janka test is always carried out on wood from the tree trunk (known as the heartwood), and the standard sample (according to ASTM D143) is at 12% moisture content and clear of knots. [3] The hardness of wood varies with the direction of the wood grain. Testing on the surface of a plank, perpendicular to the ...
The thickness of the wood layer atop the core determines its ability to be sanded and refinished; engineered wood floors can generally be sanded and refinished 1-2 times, though some cannot be refinished while others can be refinished as many times as a solid wood floor. Bamboo flooring is a floor manufactured from the bamboo plant and is a ...
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The formwork is commonly built from wooden planks and boards, plastic, or steel. On commercial building sites, plastic and steel are gaining popularity as they save labour. [27] On low-budget or small-scale jobs, for instance when laying a concrete garden path, wooden planks are very common. After the concrete has set the wood may be removed.