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Naturally occurring ruthenium (44 Ru) is composed of seven stable isotopes (of which two may in the future be found radioactive). Additionally, 27 radioactive isotopes have been discovered. Of these radioisotopes, the most stable are 106 Ru, with a half-life of 373.59 days; 103 Ru, with a half-life of 39.26 days and 97 Ru, with a half-life of 2 ...
Two beta-decay stable nuclides exist for odd neutron numbers 1 (2 H and 3 He), 3 (5 He and 6 Li – the former has an extremely short half-life), 5 (9 Be and 10 B), 7 (13 C and 14 N), 55 (97 Mo and 99 Ru), and 85 (145 Nd and 147 Sm); the first four cases involve very light nuclides where odd-odd nuclides are more stable than their surrounding ...
The decay scheme of a radioactive substance is a graphical presentation of all the transitions occurring in a decay, and of their relationships. Examples are shown below. It is useful to think of the decay scheme as placed in a coordinate system, where the vertical axis is energy, increasing from bottom to top, and the horizontal axis is the proton number, increasing from left to right.
When the mass difference is more than four electron masses (2.044 MeV), the third mode, called double positron decay, is allowed. Only six naturally occurring nuclides (78 Kr, 96 Ru, 106 Cd, 124 Xe, 130 Ba, and 136 Ce) plus the non-primordial 148 Gd and 154 Dy are energetically allowed to decay via these three modes simultaneously. [4] [5] [6]
The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 106 Pd, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay. The primary decay product before 106 Pd is rhodium and the primary product after is silver. Radiogenic 107 Ag is a decay product of 107 Pd and was first discovered in the Santa Clara meteorite of 1978. [4]
Decay modes in parentheses are still not observed through experiment but are, by their energy, predicted to occur. Numbers in brackets indicate probability of that decay mode occurring in %, tr indicate <0.1%. Spontaneous fission is not shown as a theoretical decay mode for stable nuclides where other modes are possible (see these nuclides).
A chart or table of nuclides maps the nuclear, or radioactive, behavior of nuclides, as it distinguishes the isotopes of an element.It contrasts with a periodic table, which only maps their chemical behavior, since isotopes (nuclides that are variants of the same element) do not differ chemically to any significant degree, with the exception of hydrogen.
The remainder and the unlisted 54.4478% decay with half-lives less than one year into nonradioactive nuclei. This is before accounting for the effects of any subsequent neutron capture; e.g.: 135 Xe capturing a neutron and becoming nearly stable 136 Xe, rather than decaying to 135 Cs which is radioactive with a half-life of 2.3 million years