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Although typically "doping" conductive polymers involves oxidizing or reducing the material, conductive organic polymers associated with a protic solvent may also be "self-doped." Undoped conjugated polymers are semiconductors or insulators. In such compounds, the energy gap can be > 2 eV, which is too great for thermally activated conduction.
Carbon black can be characterized as a substance with over 97% amorphous carbon content. It is used extensively in many areas of industrial chemistry. It is often used in the plastic and rubber manufacturing industries, where it improves electrical conductivity and electromagnetic or thermo-conductive characteristics of plastic materials and ...
Organic conductive materials can be grouped into two main classes: polymers and conductive molecular solids and salts. Polycyclic aromatic compounds such as pentacene and rubrene often form semiconducting materials when partially oxidized. Conductive polymers are often typically intrinsically conductive or at least semiconductors. They ...
However, the electricity is primarily conducted within the plane of the layers. The conductive properties of powdered graphite [ 30 ] allow its use as pressure sensor in carbon microphones . Graphite and graphite powder are valued in industrial applications for their self-lubricating and dry lubricating properties.
Semiconducting carbon nanotubes have also been demonstrated to work as channel material but although molecular, these molecules are sufficiently large to behave almost as bulk semiconductors. The size of the molecules, and the low temperature of the measurements being conducted, makes the quantum mechanical states well defined.
Treatment of emeraldine with acids increases the electrical conductivity by up to ten orders of magnitude. Undoped polyaniline has a conductivity of 6.28 × 10 −9 S/m, whereas conductivities of 4.60 × 10 −5 S/m can be achieved by doping to 4% HBr. [11] The same material can be prepared by oxidation of leucoemeraldine.
Graphene is the only form of carbon (or solid material) in which every atom is available for chemical reaction from two sides (due to the 2D structure). Atoms at the edges of a graphene sheet have special chemical reactivity. Graphene has the highest ratio of edge atoms of any allotrope. Defects within a sheet increase its chemical reactivity ...
PPV is a diamagnetic material and has a very low intrinsic electrical conductivity, on the order of 10-13 S/cm. [1] The electrical conductivity increases upon doping with iodine, ferric chloride, alkali metals, or acids. However, the stability of these doped materials is relatively low.