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Pastry refers to a variety of doughs (often enriched with fat or eggs), as well as the sweet and savoury baked goods made from them. [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ] These goods are often called pastries as a synecdoche, and the dough may be accordingly called pastry dough for clarity. [ 4 ] Sweetened pastries are often described as bakers' confectionery.
A major change in the United Kingdom was the development in 1961 of the Chorleywood bread process. This used the intense mechanical working of dough, and control of gases touching dough, to dramatically reduce the fermentation period and the time taken to produce a loaf at the expense of taste and nutrition. [35]
The process of rolling, buttering, folding, and chilling is repeated multiple times to create a multilayered dough that becomes airy and crispy on the outside, but also rich and buttery. [5] Butter is the traditional fat used in Danish pastry, [6] but in industrial production, less expensive fats are often used, such as hydrogenated sunflower oil.
Baking is a method of preparing food that uses dry heat, typically in an oven, but can also be done in hot ashes, or on hot stones. The most common baked item is bread, but many other types of foods can be baked. [1] Heat is gradually transferred "from the surface of cakes, cookies, and pieces of bread to their center, typically conducted at ...
Kaisersemmel or Imperial roll. In the 19th century, for the first time, bread was made only from beer yeast and new dough rather than a sourdough starter. The first known example of this was the sweet-fermented Imperial "Kaiser-Semmel" roll of the Vienna bakery at the Paris International Exposition of 1867. [2]
Baking was a popular profession and source of food in ancient Rome. Many ancient Roman baking techniques were developed due to Greek bakers who traveled to Rome following the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC). Ancient Roman bakers could make large quantities of money. This may have contributed to receiving a negative reputation.
Croissant. A croissant (UK: / ˈkrwʌsɒ̃, ˈkrwæsɒ̃ /, [1] US: / krəˈsɒnt, krwɑːˈsɒ̃ /; French: [kʁwasɑ̃] ⓘ) is a French pastry made from puff pastry in a crescent shape. [2] It is a buttery, flaky, viennoiserie pastry inspired by the shape of the Austrian kipferl, but using the French yeast-leavened laminated dough. [3]
Raisin cake. Cake is a flour confection made from flour, sugar, and other ingredients and is usually baked. In their oldest forms, cakes were modifications of bread, but cakes now cover a wide range of preparations that can be simple or elaborate and which share features with desserts such as pastries, meringues, custards, and pies. The most ...