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Tumor marker. A tumor marker is a biomarker that can be used to indicate the presence of cancer or the behavior of cancers (measure progression or response to therapy). They can be found in bodily fluids or tissue. Markers can help with assessing prognosis, surveilling patients after surgical removal of tumors, and even predicting drug-response ...
The National Cancer Institute (NCI), in particular, defines biomarker as a: “A biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease. A biomarker may be used to see how well the body responds to a treatment for a disease or condition.
CA 15-3, for Carcinoma Antigen 15-3, is a tumor marker for many types of cancer, most notably breast cancer. [1][2][3] It is derived from MUC1. [4] CA 15-3 and associated CA 27-29 are different epitopes on the same protein antigen product of the breast cancer-associated MUC1 gene. Elevated CA15-3, in conjunction with alkaline phosphatase (ALP ...
Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer; it develops from the melanin -producing cells known as melanocytes. [1] It typically occurs in the skin, but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eye (uveal melanoma). [1][2] In women, melanomas most commonly occur on the legs; while in men, on the back. [2]
A circulating tumor cell (CTC) is a cancer cell from a primary tumor that has shed into the blood of the circulatory system, or the lymph of the lymphatic system. [1] CTCs are carried around the body to other organs where they may leave the circulation and become the seeds for the subsequent growth of secondary tumors. [2][1] This is known as ...
CA 242 is a tumor marker for sialylated Lewis carbohydrates associated with adenocarcinomas and e-selectin -mediated metastatic risk. [1][2][3] It is commonly tested along with CEA, CA19-9, and CA242 for detecting pancreatic cancer. [4] The specificity of CA 242 is higher than similar markers. Current research dictates that diagnostic ...
The reason is that the test may be falsely normal (false negative) in many cases or abnormally elevated in people who have no cancer (false positive) in others. The main use of CA19-9 is therefore to see whether a pancreatic tumor is secreting it; if that is the case, then the levels should fall when the tumor is treated, and they may rise ...
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) describes a set of highly-related glycoproteins involved in cell adhesion. CEA is normally produced in gastrointestinal tissue during fetal development, but the production stops before birth. Consequently, CEA is usually present at very low levels in the blood of healthy adults (about 2–4 ng/mL). [2]
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