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Emergency medicine, Infectious disease. A needlestick injury is the penetration of the skin by a hypodermic needle or other sharp object that has been in contact with blood, tissue or other body fluids before the exposure. [ 1] Even though the acute physiological effects of a needlestick injury are generally negligible, these injuries can lead ...
Hemostasis. In biology, hemostasis or haemostasis is a process to prevent and stop bleeding, meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel (the opposite of hemostasis is hemorrhage ). It is the first stage of wound healing. Hemostasis involves three major steps: vasoconstriction.
Pediatrics. A vertically transmitted infection is an infection caused by pathogenic bacteria or viruses that use mother-to-child transmission, that is, transmission directly from the mother to an embryo, fetus, or baby during pregnancy or childbirth. It can occur when the mother has a pre-existing disease or becomes infected during pregnancy.
Scarlet fever. Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a Group A streptococcus (GAS). [ 3] It most commonly affects children between five and 15 years of age. [ 1] The signs and symptoms include a sore throat, fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and a characteristic rash. [ 1]
The smallpox vaccine is the first vaccine to have been developed against a contagious disease. In 1796, British physician Edward Jenner demonstrated that an infection with the relatively mild cowpox virus conferred immunity against the deadly smallpox virus. Cowpox served as a natural vaccine until the modern smallpox vaccine emerged in the ...
Lead poisoning, also known as plumbism and saturnism, is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body. [ 2] Symptoms may include abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, irritability, memory problems, infertility, and tingling in the hands and feet. [ 1] It causes almost 10% of intellectual disability of otherwise unknown cause and can ...
Infectious mononucleosis ( IM, mono ), also known as glandular fever, is an infection usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). [2] [3] Most people are infected by the virus as children, when the disease produces few or no symptoms. [2] In young adults, the disease often results in fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck ...
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