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In social psychology and sociology, an in-group is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast, an out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify. People may for example identify with their peer group, family, community, sports team, political party, gender, sexual ...
Outgroup (cladistics) A simple cladogram showing the evolutionary relationships between four species: A, B, C, and D. Here, Species A is the outgroup, and Species B, C, and D form the ingroup. In cladistics or phylogenetics, an outgroup[1] is a more distantly related group of organisms that serves as a reference group when determining the ...
In-group favoritism. In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group–out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways. [1][2]
Outgroup favoritism. Outgroup favoritism is a social psychological construct intended to capture why some socially disadvantaged groups will express favorable attitudes (and even preferences) toward social, cultural, or ethnic groups other than their own. [1] Considered by many psychologists as part of a variety of system-justifying motives ...
favour the ingroup over the outgroup; exaggerate and overgeneralize the differences between the ingroup and the outgroup (to enhance group distinctiveness) minimize the perception of differences between ingroup members; remember more detailed and positive information about the ingroup, and more negative information about the outgroup [62]
Group conflict, or hostilities between different groups, is a feature common to all forms of human social organization (e.g., sports teams, ethnic groups, nations, religions, gangs), [1] and also occurs in social animals. [2] Although group conflict is one of the most complex phenomena studied by social scientists, [3] the history of the human ...
The root of exclusion begins with basic categorization. The us/them dichotomy is an embedded psychological process, occurring without conscious thought. As humans we make these distinctions repeatedly. Initially, elevating ingroup and diminishing outgroup may occur in inconsequential ways, as demonstrated by Tajifel's minimal group paradigm ...
These groups often form due to a common goal. In this type of group, it is possible for outgroup members (i.e., social categories of which one is not a member) [19] to become ingroup members (i.e., social categories of which one is a member) [19] with reasonable ease. Social groups, such as study-groups or coworkers, interact moderately over a ...