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We reflect across the plane through (), (), and the north pole, forming a closed curve containing antipodal points , with length () = (). A curve connecting ± p {\displaystyle \pm p} has length at least π {\displaystyle \pi } , which is the length of the great semicircle between ± p {\displaystyle \pm p} .
A Jordan curve or a simple closed curve in the plane R 2 is the image C of an injective continuous map of a circle into the plane, φ: S 1 → R 2. A Jordan arc in the plane is the image of an injective continuous map of a closed and bounded interval [a, b] into the plane. It is a plane curve that is not necessarily smooth nor algebraic.
The original formulation of the Schoenflies problem states that not only does every simple closed curve in the plane separate the plane into two regions, one (the "inside") bounded and the other (the "outside") unbounded; but also that these two regions are homeomorphic to the inside and outside of a standard circle in the plane.
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In geometry, a curve of constant width is a simple closed curve in the plane whose width (the distance between parallel supporting lines) is the same in all directions. The shape bounded by a curve of constant width is a body of constant width or an orbiform , the name given to these shapes by Leonhard Euler . [ 1 ]
Because the total curvature of a simple closed curve in the Euclidean plane is always exactly 2 π, the total absolute curvature of a simple closed curve is also always at least 2 π. It is exactly 2 π for a convex curve, and greater than 2 π whenever the curve has any non-convexities. [2]
Figure 1: Zindler curve. Any of the chords of equal length cuts the curve and the enclosed area into halves. Figure 2: Examples of Zindler curves with a = 8 (blue), a = 16 (green) and a = 24 (red). A Zindler curve is a simple closed plane curve with the defining property that: (L) All chords which cut the curve length into halves have the same ...
A smooth plane curve is a curve in a real Euclidean plane and is a one-dimensional smooth manifold.This means that a smooth plane curve is a plane curve which "locally looks like a line", in the sense that near every point, it may be mapped to a line by a smooth function.