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The closest and largest dark nebulae are visible to the naked eye, since they are the least obscured by stars in between Earth and the nebula, and because they have the largest angular size, appearing as dark patches against the brighter background of the Milky Way like the Coalsack Nebula and the Great Rift.
The phrase "fixed star" is technically incorrect, but nonetheless it is used in an historical context, and in classical mechanics. When used as a visual reference for observations, they usually are called background stars or simply distant stars, still retaining the intuitive meaning of they being "fixed" in some practical sense.
The radiation is remarkably uniform across the sky, very unlike the almost point-like structure of stars or clumps of stars in galaxies. [6] The radiation is isotropic to roughly one part in 25,000: the root mean square variations are just over 100 μK, [ 7 ] after subtracting a dipole anisotropy from the Doppler shift of the background radiation.
The star contains starspots on its surface ζ And Aa 2.502 ± 0.008: 15.0 ± 0.8 (polar) 189 ± 3: CFHT [9] [10] 1996: First direct imaging of starspots on a star outside the Solar System. R Dor: 57 ± 5: 370 ± 50: 204 ± 9: New Technology Telescope [11] 1993: 2nd largest known star by apparent diameter in Earth's sky, after the Sun. Mira ο ...
The photosphere is that portion of a star that is visible to an observer. This is the layer at which the plasma of the star becomes transparent to photons of light. From here, the energy generated at the core becomes free to propagate into space. It is within the photosphere that sun spots, regions of lower than average temperature, appear. [205]
From the equator to about the 40th parallel south it is visible low in the northern sky during the same (thus winter) months. Vega, Lyra's brightest star, is one of the brightest stars in the night sky, and forms a corner of the famed Summer Triangle asterism. Beta Lyrae is the prototype of a class of binary stars known as Beta Lyrae variables ...
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The first one to address the problem of an infinite number of stars and the resulting heat in the Cosmos was Cosmas Indicopleustes, a 6th-century Greek monk from Alexandria, who states in his Topographia Christiana: "The crystal-made sky sustains the heat of the Sun, the moon, and the infinite number of stars; otherwise, it would have been full of fire, and it could melt or set on fire."
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