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The term pessimism derives from the Latin word pessimus, meaning 'the worst'.It was first used by Jesuit critics of Voltaire's 1759 novel Candide, ou l'Optimisme.Voltaire was satirizing the philosophy of Leibniz who maintained that this was the 'best (optimum) of all possible worlds'.
Depressive realism – Hypothesis about depression; Dystheism – The belief that a god, or God is not wholly good and is possibly evil; History of philosophical pessimism – History of a philosophical school; List of philosophical pessimists – Sortable list of philosophers of pessimism; Misanthropy – General dislike of humanity
Half a glass of water, illustration of two different mental attitudes, optimism (half full) and pessimism (half empty) Optimism is an attitude reflecting a belief or hope that the outcome of some specific endeavor, or outcomes in general, will be positive, favorable, and desirable.
The concept of explanatory style encompasses a wide range of possible responses to both positive and negative occurrences, rather than a black-white difference between optimism and pessimism. Also, an individual does not necessarily show a uniform explanatory style in all aspects of life, but may exhibit varying responses to different types of ...
The poems of the Canadian poet Frederick George Scott have also been cited as an example of Victorian pessimism, [92] as have the poems of the American poet Edwin Arlington Robinson. [93] During this period, artistic representations of nature transformed, from benevolent, uplifting and god-like, to actively hostile, competitive, or indifferent.
Socialist realism is a subset of realist art which focuses on communist values and realist depiction. [44] It developed in the Soviet Union and was imposed as state policy by Joseph Stalin in 1934, [ 45 ] [ 46 ] though authors in other socialist countries and members of the communist party in non-socialist countries also partook in the movement
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Pessimism, on the other hand, is much more common; pessimists are more likely to give up in the face of adversity or to suffer from depression. Seligman invites pessimists to learn to be optimists by thinking about their reactions to adversity in a new way. The resulting optimism—one that grew from pessimism—is a learned optimism.