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An initial "ch" (which only appears in loaned and dialectical words) may be pronounced [k] (common in southern varieties), [ʃ] (common in western varieties) or [ç] (common in northern and western varieties). It is always pronounced [k] when followed by l or r, as in Chlor (chlorine) or Christus (Christ).
/v/ is pronounced as an approximant [ʋ]; in some words, it is replaced by a voiceless lenis [v̥], e.g. in Möve or Advent. Double consonants are often geminated, e.g. immer as [ˈɪmːər]. Initial ch is pronounced as a [x], for instance in local names like Chur and Cham or in foreign words like China or Chemie, Chirurgie etc.
In words of Ancient Greek origin, word-initial ch is pronounced [k] before a, o, l, r (with rare exceptions : Charisma, where both [k] and [ç] are possible); normally [ç] before e, i, y (but [k] in Southern Germany and Austria); [ç] before th . In the word Orchester and in geographical names such as Chemnitz or Chur, ch is [k] (Chur is also ...
An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal).It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair. [1]
In Welsh, the digraph ll fused for a time into a ligature.. A digraph (from Ancient Greek δίς (dís) 'double' and γράφω (gráphō) 'to write') or digram is a pair of characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme (distinct sound), or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the two characters combined.
This also occurs in stem-final -ch: duk (duch), the particle niek (niech). Initial ch- shifts to k- in clusters in certain words: krzciny (chrzciny). ch- shifts to f- in the verb chcieć: nie fce (nie chce). Dark ł was present more commonly in the past, but in younger generations is replaced with /w/. [4]
The official chart of the IPA, revised in 2020. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script.It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standard written representation for the sounds of speech. [1]
The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) words and roots, ... Gaul suexos "sixth"; OIr sé, W chwe(ch) ...