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The strength of the bonds between the metal ion and water molecules in the primary solvation shell increases with the electrical charge, z, on the metal ion and decreases as its ionic radius, r, increases. Aqua ions are subject to hydrolysis. The logarithm of the first hydrolysis constant is proportional to z 2 /r for most aqua ions.
It can be seen in the table above that the second proton is removed from a negatively charged species. Since the proton carries a positive charge extra work is needed to remove it, which is why pK a2 is greater than pK a1. pK a3 is greater than pK a2 because there is further charge separation. When an exception to Pauling's rule is found, it ...
Rather than the periodic table being the sum of its groups and periods [4] an examination of the image shows several patterns [5] Thus, there is a largely a left-to-right transition in metallic character seen in the red-orange-sand-yellow colours for the metals, and the turquoise, blue and violet colours for the nonmetals.
Structure of an octahedral metal aquo complex. Chromium(II) ion in aqueous solution. Most aquo complexes are mono-nuclear, with the general formula [M(H 2 O) 6] n+, with n = 2 or 3; they have an octahedral structure. The water molecules function as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the metal ion and forming a dative covalent bond ...
Number of consonants denotes number of oxygen atoms. Number of vowels denotes negative charge quantity. Inclusion of the word "ate" signifies that each ends with the letters a-t-e. To use this for the -ite ions, simply subtract one oxygen but keep the charge the same.
This table lists only the occurrences in compounds and complexes, ... oxygen: O −2: −1 0 +1 +2 16 ... and systematically in the table ...
Oxygen is usually pyramidal with an sp 3 hybridization. Those with n = 1 are called primary oxonium ions, an example being protonated alcohol (e.g. methanol). In acidic media, the oxonium functional group produced by protonating an alcohol can be a leaving group in the E2 elimination reaction. The product is an alkene. Extreme acidity, heat ...
A weak electrolyte is a substance whose solute exists in solution mostly in the form of molecules (which are said to be "undissociated"), with only a small fraction in the form of ions. Simply because a substance does not readily dissolve does not make it a weak electrolyte. Acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) and ammonium (NH + 4) are good examples ...