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Water softening is achieved by percolating hard water through a bed of the sodium form of cross-linked polystyrene sulfonate. The hard ions such as calcium (Ca 2+) and magnesium (Mg 2+) adhere to the sulfonate groups, displacing sodium ions. The resulting solution of sodium ions is softened.
Sodium hexametaphosphate is the alkali salt of one of the series of polymetaphosphoric acids (acids formed by the polymerization of phosphate groups). [14] Hexametaphosphoric acid was first made in 1825 by the German chemist Johann Frederich Philipp Engelhart (1797-1853). [ 15 ]
Brine draw: Water is directed through a jet pump, which pulls salt water from the brine tank, before the water and brine pass through the resin bed in the normal direction, if co-current, or in the reverse direction, if counter-current. [11] The output of this typically thirty-minute process is discarded through the drain hose.
The sulfonate ion. In organosulfur chemistry, a sulfonate is a salt, anion or ester of a sulfonic acid. Its formula is R−S(=O) 2 −O −, containing the functional group −S(=O) 2 −O −, where R is typically an organyl group, amino group or a halogen atom. Sulfonates are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids.
α-Olefin sulfonates with linear alkenyl radicals from C 12 to C 18 are used as anionic surfactants in various areas of application due to their pronounced foam formation [clarification needed] and foam stability (even with high water hardness), excellent fat-dissolving power and oil dissolving power as well as a favorable ecological profile and low aquatic toxicity and human toxicity.
The compound typically crystallizes from water as the monohydrate. [ 1 ] Heating this salt in strong base results in desulfonation , giving, after acid workup , phenol [ 2 ] This reaction was at one time, the principal route to phenol.
3,3′,3′′-Phosphanetriyltris(benzenesulfonic acid) trisodium salt (abbreviated TPPTS), is an organic compound that is also known as sodium triphenylphosphine trisulfonate. The compound has the formula P(C 6 H 4 SO 3 Na) 3. This white solid is an unusual example of a water-soluble phosphine. Its complexes are also water-soluble. [2]
It is white, water-soluble solid. It is produced by the neutralization toluenesulfonic acid with sodium hydroxide. It is also a common product from the reactions of sodium-based reagents with toluenesulfonates. [1] Heating this salt in strong base results in desulfonation, giving, after acid workup, p-cresol. [2]
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