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Inclusions are present in any steel to a greater or lesser extent according to the mixture and conditions of production. Usually the amount of non-metallic inclusions in steel is not higher than 0.1%. However, the number of inclusions in metal is very high because of their extremely small size. Non-metallic inclusions in steel are foreign ...
In C-Mn steel weld metals, it is reported that nucleation of various ferrite morphologies is aided by non-metallic inclusion; in particular oxygen-rich inclusions of a certain type and size are associated with the intragranular nucleation of acicular ferrite.
Note that decrease in carbon content increases the problems with non-metallic inclusions. [7] [needs update] Continuous casting and strip-casting technologies have largely superseded ingot casting techniques in recent times. Through these methods, all steel is killed and the resulting yields are close to 96%.
ESR reduces other types of inclusions as well, and is seen as an alternative to the vacuum arc remelting (VAR) method that is prevalent in US industries. An example of the use of the electro-slag refined (ESR) steel technique is the L30 tank gun. CrNi60WTi is a stainless steel which is best formed by either electro-slag remelting or vacuum arc ...
After polishing, certain microstructural constituents can be seen with the microscope, e.g., inclusions and nitrides. If the crystal structure is non-cubic (e.g., a metal with a hexagonal-closed packed crystal structure, such as Ti or Zr ) the microstructure can be revealed without etching using crossed polarized light (light microscopy).
WEC initiation at MnS inclusions in steel [1] White etching cracks (WEC), or white structure flaking or brittle flaking, is a type of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damage that can occur in bearing steels under certain conditions, such as hydrogen embrittlement, high stress, inadequate lubrication, and high temperature. WEC is characterised by ...
However, in certain instances non-metallic inclusions will impart some directionality and workpieces less than 20 mm (0.79 in) thick often have some directional properties. Non-uniform cooling will induce a lot of residual stresses, which usually occurs in shapes that have a non-uniform cross-section, such as I-beams.
Curves in the Ellingham diagrams for the formation of metallic oxides are basically straight lines with a positive slope. The slope is proportional to ΔS, which is approximately constant with temperature. The lower the position of a metal's line in the Ellingham diagram, the greater is the stability of its oxide.