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A network is typically called a deep neural network if it has at least two hidden layers. [3] Artificial neural networks are used for various tasks, including predictive modeling, adaptive control, and solving problems in artificial intelligence. They can learn from experience, and can derive conclusions from a complex and seemingly unrelated ...
When the activation function is non-linear, then a two-layer neural network can be proven to be a universal function approximator. [6] This is known as the Universal Approximation Theorem . The identity activation function does not satisfy this property.
Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are a class of artificial neural network commonly used for sequential data processing. Unlike feedforward neural networks , which process data in a single pass, RNNs process data across multiple time steps, making them well-adapted for modelling and processing text, speech, and time series .
A convolutional neural network consists of an input layer, hidden layers and an output layer. In a convolutional neural network, the hidden layers include one or more layers that perform convolutions. Typically this includes a layer that performs a dot product of the convolution kernel with the layer's input matrix.
In 1967, Shun'ichi Amari reported [17] the first multilayered neural network trained by stochastic gradient descent, was able to classify non-linearily separable pattern classes. Amari's student Saito conducted the computer experiments, using a five-layered feedforward network with two learning layers. [16]
In 2010, Tomáš Mikolov (then at Brno University of Technology) with co-authors applied a simple recurrent neural network with a single hidden layer to language modelling. [6] Word2vec was created, patented, [7] and published in 2013 by a team of researchers led by Mikolov at Google over two papers.
BatchNorm can be interpreted as removing the purely linear transformations, so that its layers focus solely on modelling the nonlinear aspects of data, which may be beneficial, as a neural network can always be augmented with a linear transformation layer on top. [4] [3]
The NTK can be studied for various ANN architectures, [2] in particular convolutional neural networks (CNNs), [19] recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and transformers. [20] In such settings, the large-width limit corresponds to letting the number of parameters grow, while keeping the number of layers fixed: for CNNs, this involves letting the number of channels grow.