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Between June 1945 and 1947, roughly half a million Germans were expelled. [194] Between 24 August and 26 October 1948, 21 transports with a total of 42,094 Germans left the Kaliningrad Oblast for the Soviet Occupation Zone. The last remaining Germans were expelled between November 1949 [103] (1,401 people) and January 1950 (7). [195]
During the pre-Potsdam expulsions, many Germans were forced to march over 100 and sometimes even 200 kilometres. [167] Different estimates of the number of Germans expelled by People's Army of Poland alone during pre-Potsdam deportations (all numbers after Jankowiak): [168] 365,000 to 1,200,000 Germans were deported by Polish administration. [169]
These Germans were treated as second class citizens, especially regarding salary and food supply. So-called "abandoned wives", whose husbands found themselves in post-war Germany and were not able to return, were compelled to "seek divorce" and were not allowed to leave for Germany before 1950–52. [20]
The German Expellees or Heimatvertriebene (German: [ˈhaɪmaːt.fɐˌtʁiːbənə] ⓘ, "homeland expellees") are 12–16 million German citizens (regardless of ethnicity) and ethnic Germans (regardless of citizenship) who fled or were expelled after World War II from parts of Germany annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union and from other ...
Between 13.5 and 16.5 million German-speakers fled, were evacuated or later expelled from Central and Eastern Europe, [48] [49] making this event the largest single instance of ethnic cleansing in recorded history. estimates of the number of those who died during the process are being debated by historians and they range from 500,000 to 3,000,000.
A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944–1950, 1994, ISBN 0-312-12159-8; Duffy, Christopher (1993). Red Storm on the Reich: The Soviet March on Germany, 1945. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-415-03589-9. Glantz, David M. The Soviet‐German War 1941–45: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay; Hitchcock, William I.
The defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 freed approximately 11 million foreigners (categorized as "displaced persons"), most of whom were forced labourers and POWs. During the war, German forces brought into the Reich 6.5 million civilians, in addition to Soviet POWs, for unfree labour in factories. [ 1 ]
The evacuation of German people from Central and Eastern Europe ahead of the Soviet Red Army advance during the Second World War was delayed until the last moment. Plans to evacuate people to present-day Germany from the territories controlled by Nazi Germany, including from the former eastern territories of Germany as well as occupied territories, were prepared by the German authorities only ...