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E. faecalis is usually resistant to many commonly used antimicrobial agents (aminoglycosides, aztreonam and quinolones). [15] The resistance is mediated by the presence of multiple genes related to drug resistance in the chromosome or plasmid. [3] Resistance to vancomycin in E. faecalis is becoming more common.
Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci that often occur in pairs or short chains, and are difficult to distinguish from streptococci on physical characteristics alone. [2] Two species are common commensal organisms in the intestines of humans: E. faecalis (90–95%) and E. faecium (5–10%).
Species of Alcaligenes typically occur in soil and water or decaying materials and dairy products.A. faecalis is commonly found in the intestinal tracts of vertebrates, and is found as a harmless saprophyte in 5% – 19% of the human population.
Many former group D streptococci have been reclassified and placed in the genus Enterococcus (including E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, and E. avium). [22] For example, Streptococcus faecalis is now Enterococcus faecalis. E. faecalis is sometimes alpha-hemolytic and E. faecium is sometimes beta hemolytic. [23]
Enterococcus faecium has been a leading cause of multi-drug resistant enterococcal infections over Enterococcus faecalis in the United States. Approximately 40% of medical intensive care units reportedly found that the majority, respectively 80% and 90.4%, of device-associated infections (namely, infections due to central lines, urinary drainage catheters, and ventilators) were due to ...
The classification assigns a letter code to each serotype. There are 20 described serotypes assigned the letters A to V (excluding E, I and J). [3] Bacteria of the genus Enterococcus, formerly known as group D streptococci, were classified as members of the genus Streptococcus until 1984 and are included in the original Lancefield grouping. [4]
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There are many species that show non-pathogenic characteristics; however, there are some, like S. pneumoniae, that exhibit pathogenic characteristics in the human body. [17] [11] The genus Enterococcus belongs to the family Enterococcaceae. This genus is divided into 58 species and two subspecies. [18]