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Drug precursors, also referred to as precursor chemicals or simply precursors, are substances used to manufacture illicit drugs. Most precursors also have legitimate commercial uses and are legally used in a wide variety of industrial processes and consumer products, such as medicines, flavourings, and fragrances.
Normally, metabolism of cocaine produces two primarily biologically inactive metabolites—benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester. The hepatic enzyme carboxylesterase is an important part of cocaine's metabolism because it acts as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of cocaine in the liver, which produces these inactive metabolites.
Trituration of the free base from cocaine hydrochloride (or "cooking") is done by dissolving the cocaine hydrochloride in water over constant heat, while simultaneously adding a base (such as baking soda) to form the free base cocaine. The free base of cocaine forms a solid "rock", pieces of which can be smoked directly (crack cocaine). [4]
Coca-Cola used coca leaf extract in its products from 1885 until about 1903, when it began using decocainized leaf extract. [9] [10] [11] Extraction of cocaine from coca requires several solvents and a chemical process known as an acid–base extraction, which can fairly easily extract the alkaloids from the plant.
In a statement responding to questions from The Associated Press, the agency cited U.S. government figures showing that as coca cultivation in Bolivia doubled from 2006 to 2021, illicit cocaine ...
In South America, coca paste, also known as cocaine base and, therefore, often confused with cocaine sulfate in North America, is relatively inexpensive and is widely used by low-income populations. The coca paste is smoked in tobacco or cannabis cigarettes and use has become widespread in several Latin American countries.
Caffeinated alcoholic drink: Alcohol: Cannabis: Tincture of cannabis. Herb and Al. Judgement Day Cross fading, twisting, getting twisted [13] Called Judgement Day in Ghana when cannabis is added to the drink Alcohol: Cocaine: Snow-cone Snow-coning Ethanol is metabolized into cocaethylene [14] Alcohol: MDMA: Tipsy flip Tipsy flipping It may be ...
An article in the May issue of the New England Journal of Medicine called for wider U.S. use of medication-assisted therapies for addicts, commonly referred to as MATs. It was written by Dr. Nora Volkow, director of the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse — which helped research Suboxone before it earned FDA approval in 2002 — along with ...