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Since the degree of polymerization is a function of reaction time, the desired molecular weight can be obtained by quenching the reaction at the appropriate time. However, the polymer obtained in this manner is unstable in that it leads to changes in molecular weight because the ends of the polymer molecule contain functional groups that can ...
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group (−C(=O)−OH) [1] attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is often written as R−COOH or R−CO 2 H , sometimes as R−C(O)OH with R referring to an organyl group (e.g., alkyl , alkenyl , aryl ), or hydrogen , or other groups.
The classic synthesis is the Fischer esterification, which involves treating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of a dehydrating agent: RCO 2 H + R'OH ⇌ RCO 2 R' + H 2 O. The equilibrium constant for such reactions is about 5 for typical esters, e.g., ethyl acetate. [15] The reaction is slow in the absence of a catalyst.
They have the general chemical formula, HO 2 C(CHOH) n CH 2 OH. Gluconic acid , a particularly common aldonic acid, the oxidized derivative of glucose . 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butyric acid is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionate , precursor to natural dimethyl sulfide .
The general structure of a hydroxamic acid. In organic chemistry, hydroxamic acids are a class of organic compounds having a general formula R−C(=O)−N(−OH)−R' bearing the functional group −C(=O)−N(−OH)−, where R and R' are typically organyl groups (e.g., alkyl or aryl) or hydrogen.
As an example, consider the gas-phase reaction NO 2 + CO → NO + CO 2.If this reaction occurred in a single step, its reaction rate (r) would be proportional to the rate of collisions between NO 2 and CO molecules: r = k[NO 2][CO], where k is the reaction rate constant, and square brackets indicate a molar concentration.
Alcohol oxidation is a collection of oxidation reactions in organic chemistry that convert alcohols to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The reaction mainly applies to primary and secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols form ketones, while primary alcohols form aldehydes or carboxylic acids. [1] A variety of oxidants can be used.
Ketonic decarboxylation (also known as decarboxylative ketonization) is a type of organic reaction and a decarboxylation converting two equivalents of a carboxylic acid (R−C(=O)OH) to a symmetric ketone (R 2 C=O) by the application of heat.