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Since the degree of polymerization is a function of reaction time, the desired molecular weight can be obtained by quenching the reaction at the appropriate time. However, the polymer obtained in this manner is unstable in that it leads to changes in molecular weight because the ends of the polymer molecule contain functional groups that can ...
The second step with OH − is much faster, so the overall rate is independent of the concentration of OH −. In contrast, the alkaline hydrolysis of methyl bromide (CH 3 Br) is a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S N 2) reaction in a single bimolecular step. Its rate law is second-order: r = k[R−Br][OH −].
The water molecule is amphoteric in aqueous solution. It can either gain a proton to form a hydronium ion H 3 O +, or else lose a proton to form a hydroxide ion OH −. [5] Another possibility is the molecular autoionization reaction between two water molecules, in which one water molecule acts as an acid and another as a base.
p-Toluenesulfonic acid is a comparatively strong acid used in organic chemistry often because it is able to dissolve in the organic reaction solvent. Exceptions to these solubility characteristics exist in the presence of other substituents that affect the polarity of the compound.
The Weiss–Cook reaction consists in the synthesis of cis-bicyclo[3.3.0]octane-3,7-dione employing an acetonedicarboxylic acid ester and a diacyl (1,2 ketone). The mechanism operates in the same way as the Knoevenagel condensation: [ 10 ]
Alcohol oxidation is a collection of oxidation reactions in organic chemistry that convert alcohols to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The reaction mainly applies to primary and secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols form ketones, while primary alcohols form aldehydes or carboxylic acids. [1] A variety of oxidants can be used.
“Alcohol does a lot of things: the reaction time impact, the motor coordination impact, the impact on judgment — these are all legitimate pharmacological effects of alcohol,” he said ...
The reaction produces sodium alkoxides, according to the following stoichiometry: RCOOR' + 6 Na + 4 CH 3 CH 2 OH → RCH 2 ONa + R'ONa + 4 CH 3 CH 2 ONa. In practice, considerable sodium is consumed by the formation of hydrogen. [citation needed] For this reason, an excess of sodium is often required. Because the hydrolysis of sodium is rapid ...