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For more information, see Two Chinas, Political status of Taiwan, One-China policy, 1992 Consensus and One country, two systems. "China" also refers to many historical states, empires and dynasties that controlled parts of what are now the PRC and the ROC. For leaders of ancient and imperial China, see List of Chinese monarchs.
Timeline of Chinese history. This is a timeline of Chinese history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in China and its dynasties. To read about the background to these events, see History of China. See also the list of Chinese monarchs, Chinese emperors family tree, dynasties of China and years in China.
[a] The earliest rulers in traditional Chinese historiography are of mythological origin, and followed by the Xia dynasty of highly uncertain and contested historicity. During the subsequent Shang ( c. 1600–1046 BCE ) and Zhou (1046–256 BCE) dynasties, rulers were referred to as Wang 王 , meaning king . [ 4 ]
The Chinese tributary system first emerged during the Western Han and lasted until the 19th century AD when the Sinocentric order broke down. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] The modern territorial claims of both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China are inherited from the lands once held by the Qing dynasty at the time of its collapse.
While the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty adopted substantially to Chinese culture, their sinicization was of lesser extent compared to earlier conquest dynasties in Chinese history. For preserving racial superiority as the conqueror and ruling class, traditional nomadic customs and heritage from the Mongolian Steppe were held in high regard.
China was a monarchy from prehistoric times up to 1912, when a republic was established. The succession of legendary monarchs of China were non-hereditary. Dynastic rule began c. 2070 BC when Yu the Great established the Xia dynasty, [d] and monarchy lasted until 1912 when dynastic rule collapsed together with the monarchical government. [5]
Post holders are usually the de facto leaders of the People's Republic of China. Currently, the General Secretary holds the authority of Paramount leader in China. Because China is a single-party state, the General Secretary holds the highest political position in the PRC and thus constitutes the most powerful position in China's government.
Provisional President of the Republic of China (臨時大總統): . Sun Yat-sen (1 January 1912 - 10 March 1912); Yuan Shikai (10 March 1912 - 10 October 1913); The "Republic of China" was formally proclaimed on 1 January 1912 and Sun Yat-sen took office in Nanking (now Nanjing) as the first provisional president.