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Automatic gain control. Schematic of an AGC used in the analog telephone network; the feedback from output level to gain is effected via a Vactrol resistive opto-isolator. Automatic gain control ( AGC) is a closed-loop feedback regulating circuit in an amplifier or chain of amplifiers, the purpose of which is to maintain a suitable signal ...
At the top of the case is a fan controller. Fan control is the management of the rotational speed of an electric fan. In computers, various types of computer fans are used to provide adequate cooling, and different fan control mechanisms balance their cooling capacities and noise they generate. This is commonly accomplished by the motherboards ...
A phase-locked loopor phase lock loop(PLL) is a control systemthat generates an output signalwhose phaseis fixed relative to the phase of an input signal. Keeping the input and output phase in lockstep also implies keeping the input and output frequencies the same, thus a phase-locked loop can also track an input frequency.
A general-purpose input/output ( GPIO) is an uncommitted digital signal pin on an integrated circuit or electronic circuit (e.g. MCUs / MPUs) board which may be used as an input or output, or both, and is controllable by software. GPIOs have no predefined purpose and are unused by default. [1] [2] If used, the purpose and behavior of a GPIO is ...
Signal generator. A signal generator is one of a class of electronic devices that generates electrical signals with set properties of amplitude, frequency, and wave shape. These generated signals are used as a stimulus for electronic measurements, typically used in designing, testing, troubleshooting, and repairing electronic or electroacoustic ...
Flash ADC. A flash ADC (also known as a direct-conversion ADC) is a type of analog-to-digital converter that uses a linear voltage ladder with a comparator at each "rung" of the ladder to compare the input voltage to successive reference voltages. Often these reference ladders are constructed of many resistors; however, modern implementations ...
The ideal common-mode gain of an instrumentation amplifier is zero. In the circuit shown, common-mode gain is caused by mismatch in the resistor ratios / and by the mismatch in common-mode gains of the two input op-amps. Obtaining very closely matched resistors is a significant difficulty in fabricating these circuits, as is optimizing the ...
Lock-in amplifier. A lock in amplifier uses a multiplier and a low pass filter to compare a reference signal against a noisy signal. A lock-in amplifier is a type of amplifier that can extract a signal with a known carrier wave from an extremely noisy environment. Depending on the dynamic reserve of the instrument, signals up to a million times ...