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For example, the expression "5 mod 2" evaluates to 1, because 5 divided by 2 has a quotient of 2 and a remainder of 1, while "9 mod 3" would evaluate to 0, because 9 divided by 3 has a quotient of 3 and a remainder of 0. Although typically performed with a and n both being integers, many computing systems now allow other types of numeric operands.
If the time is 7:00 now, then 8 hours later it will be 3:00. Simple addition would result in 7 + 8 = 15, but 15:00 reads as 3:00 on the clock face because clocks "wrap around" every 12 hours and the hour number starts over at zero when it reaches 12. We say that 15 is congruent to 3 modulo 12, written 15 ≡ 3 (mod 12), so that 7 + 8 ≡ 3 (mod ...
The multiplicative order of a number a modulo n is the order of a in the multiplicative group whose elements are the residues modulo n of the numbers coprime to n, and whose group operation is multiplication modulo n. This is the group of units of the ring Zn; it has φ (n) elements, φ being Euler's totient function, and is denoted as U (n) or ...
n. In modular arithmetic, the integers coprime (relatively prime) to n from the set of n non-negative integers form a group under multiplication modulo n, called the multiplicative group of integers modulo n. Equivalently, the elements of this group can be thought of as the congruence classes, also known as residues modulo n, that are coprime to n.
Dirichlet character. In analytic number theory and related branches of mathematics, a complex-valued arithmetic function is a Dirichlet character of modulus (where is a positive integer) if for all integers and : [1] that is, is completely multiplicative. ; that is, is periodic with period .
X ≡ 6 (mod 11) has common solutions since 5,7 and 11 are pairwise coprime. A solution is given by X = t 1 (7 × 11) × 4 + t 2 (5 × 11) × 4 + t 3 (5 × 7) × 6. where t 1 = 3 is the modular multiplicative inverse of 7 × 11 (mod 5), t 2 = 6 is the modular multiplicative inverse of 5 × 11 (mod 7) and t 3 = 6 is the modular multiplicative ...
9 mod 16 → 9, 25 mod 32 and 7 mod 16 → 7, 23 mod 16, while 1 mod 16 and 15 mod 16 don't lift to roots mod 32. For every k at least 3, there are four roots of x 2 − 17 mod 2 k , but if we look at their 2-adic expansions we can see that in pairs they are converging to just two 2-adic limits.
The number 3 is a primitive root modulo 7 [5] because = = = = = = = = = = = = (). Here we see that the period of 3 k modulo 7 is 6. The remainders in the period, which are 3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1, form a rearrangement of all nonzero remainders modulo 7, implying that 3 is indeed a primitive root modulo 7.