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Optical cross section of a flat mirror with a given reflectivity at a particular wavelength () can be expressed by the formula = Where is the cross sectional diameter of the beam. Note that the direction of the light has to be perpendicular to the mirror surface for this formula to be valid, else the return from the mirror would no longer go ...
Print/export Download as PDF; ... Subscripts 1 and 2 refer to initial and final optical media respectively. ... The Cambridge Handbook of Physics Formulas. Cambridge ...
A USAF 1951 resolution chart in PDF format is provided by Yoshihiko Takinami. This chart should be printed such that the side of the square of the 1st element of the group -2 should be 10 mm long. USAF 1951 Resolution Target Further explanations and examples; Koren 2003: Norman Koren's updated resolution chart better suited for computer analysis
Folding a rectangular sheet of paper into thirds using the crossed ladders problem. The optic equation of the crossed ladders problem can be applied to folding rectangular paper into three equal parts. One side (the left one illustrated here) is partially folded in half and pinched to leave a mark.
The Klein–Nishina formula was derived in 1928 by Oskar Klein and Yoshio Nishina, and was one of the first results obtained from the study of quantum electrodynamics. Consideration of relativistic and quantum mechanical effects allowed development of an accurate equation for the scattering of radiation from a target electron.
Assume an optical element has its optic axis [clarification needed] perpendicular to the surface vector for the plane of incidence [clarification needed] and is rotated about this surface vector by angle θ/2 (i.e., the principal plane through which the optic axis passes, [clarification needed] makes angle θ/2 with respect to the plane of ...
Rayleigh–Gans approximation has been applied on the calculation of the optical cross sections of fractal aggregates. [6] The theory was also applied to anisotropic spheres for nanostructured polycrystalline alumina and turbidity calculations on biological structures such as lipid vesicles [7] and bacteria.
Like every optical grating, a blazed grating has a constant line spacing , determining the magnitude of the wavelength splitting caused by the grating. The grating lines possess a triangular, sawtooth-shaped cross section, forming a step structure.