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Nootropics belong to a category of dietary supplements that are specifically designed to enhance cognitive functions, boost creativity, motivation, and overall mental performance.
In 2008, stimulants, such as caffeine, were the most commonly used nootropic agent. [15] In 2016, the American Medical Association adopted a policy to discourage prescriptions of nootropics for healthy people, on the basis that the cognitive effects appear to be highly variable among individuals, are dose-dependent, and limited or modest at ...
[3] [2] [4] The modafinil analogues are of interest in the potential treatment of a condition involving the misuse of stimulant drugs (psychostimulant use disorder or PSUD), as drugs that help increase motivation (pro-motivational agents) to treat motivational disorders, [4] [5] [6] and for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as ...
Despite inconsistent findings supporting this, more consistent evidence demonstrates that chronic treatment with antidepressants and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) decrease β-adrenoceptor density in the rat forebrain. This led to the theory that β-adrenoceptor downregulation was required for clinical antidepressant efficacy.
CE-123, or as the active enantiomer (S)-CE-123, is an analog of modafinil, the most researched of a series of structurally related heterocyclic derivatives. [1] [2] [3] In animal studies, CE-123 was found to improve performance on tests of learning and memory in a manner consistent with a nootropic effect profile.
Semax is a medication which is used in Russia and Eastern Europe for the treatment of a broad range of conditions like brain trauma but predominantly for its claimed nootropic, neuroprotective, and neurorestorative effects. [1] The mechanism of action of Semax is unknown.
A motivation-enhancing drug, [2] [3] also known as a pro-motivational drug, [1] is a drug which increases motivation. [ 4 ] [ 1 ] Drugs enhancing motivation can be used in the treatment of motivational deficits , for instance in depression , schizophrenia , and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Unlike other racetams, nefiracetam shows high affinity for the GABA A receptor (IC 50) = 8.5 nM), where it is presumed to be an agonist. [6] [7] It was able to potently inhibit 80% of muscimol binding to the GABA A receptor, although it failed to displace the remaining 20% of specific muscimol binding.
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