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These cannot be determined by plain films, as the x-ray passes through the soft tissue. A study by Giles et al., stated that sixteen of the thirty patients (53%) had retrolisthesis of L5 on S1 ranging from 2–9 mm; these patients had either intervertebral disc bulging or protrusion on CT examination ranging from 3–7 mm into the spinal canal.
A retrolisthesis is a posterior displacement of one vertebral body with respect to the subjacent vertebra to a degree less than a luxation (dislocation). Retrolistheses are most easily diagnosed on lateral x-ray views of the spine.
Plain film lateral x-rays can be used to evaluate for translations anteriorly (anterolisthesis) or posteriorly (retrolisthesis). Where plain films indicate the likelihood of these translations being significant, flexion-extension views can be utilized to determine the dynamic range of movement of joints.
This leaves young athletes at increased risk, particularly when involved in repetitive hyperextension and rotation across the lumbar spine. [9] Spondylolysis is a common cause of low back pain in preadolescents and adolescent athletes, as it accounts for about 50% of all low back pain. [ 7 ]
Inflammatory back pain [6] — Several definitions have been put forth for inflammatory back pain. Inflammatory back pain is characterized by the presence of four or more of the following five factors: [32] Onset at <40 years old. [32] Insidious onset. [32] Improved with exercise. [32] Not improved by rest. [32] Pain at night. [32] Arthritis ...
An inheritable gene variation may cause increased susceptibility. People with a variation in a gene that encodes the cartilage intermediate-layer protein (CILP) were 1.6 times more likely to have the disease than persons without the variation. [1] CILP is a normal component of disc tissue.
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The spinal cord and the brain work together, making them the key components of the central nervous system. [5] Damage to this system affects specific functions of the body, primarily relating to the function of muscles. The areas most commonly injured include the cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), and the lumbar spine (L1-L5). [6]