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  2. Rudolf Clausius - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius

    His father was a Protestant pastor and school inspector, [6] and Rudolf studied in the school of his father. In 1838, he went to the Gymnasium in Stettin. Clausius graduated from the University of Berlin in 1844 where he had studied mathematics and physics since 1840 with, among others, Gustav Magnus, Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, and Jakob ...

  3. Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Motive...

    The German physicist Rudolf Clausius learned of Carnot's work through Clapeyron's memoir. Clausius corrected Carnot's theory by replacing the conservation of caloric with the work-heat equivalence (i.e., energy conservation). Clausius also put the second law of thermodynamics into mathematical form by defining the concept of entropy.

  4. William Rankine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rankine

    William John Macquorn Rankine FRSE FRS (/ ˈ r æ ŋ k ɪ n /; 5 July 1820 – 24 December 1872) was a Scottish mathematician and physicist. He was a founding contributor, with Rudolf Clausius and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), to the science of thermodynamics , particularly focusing on its First Law.

  5. History of entropy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_entropy

    Rudolf Clausius - originator of the concept of "entropy". In his 1854 memoir, Clausius first develops the concepts of interior work, i.e. that "which the atoms of the body exert upon each other", and exterior work, i.e. that "which arise from foreign influences [to] which the body may be exposed", which may act on a working body of fluid or gas, typically functioning to work a piston.

  6. Second Industrial Revolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution

    The science of thermodynamics was developed into its modern form by Sadi Carnot, William Rankine, Rudolf Clausius, William Thomson, James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs. These scientific principles were applied to a variety of industrial concerns, including improving the efficiency of boilers and steam turbines.

  7. Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Léonard_Sadi_Carnot

    Thomson used Carnot's analysis to develop an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale, while Clausius used it to define the concept of entropy, thus formalizing the second law of thermodynamics. Sadi Carnot was the son of Lazare Carnot , an eminent mathematician, engineer, and commander of the French Revolutionary Army and later of the ...

  8. Josiah Willard Gibbs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs

    Josiah Willard Gibbs Born (1839-02-11) February 11, 1839 New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. Died April 28, 1903 (1903-04-28) (aged 64) New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. Nationality American Alma mater Yale College (BA, PhD) Known for List Statistical mechanics Chemical thermodynamics Chemical potential Cross product Dyadics Exergy Principle of maximum work Phase rule Phase space Physical optics Physics ...

  9. Thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics

    The first and second laws of thermodynamics emerged simultaneously in the 1850s, primarily out of the works of William Rankine, Rudolf Clausius, and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin). The foundations of statistical thermodynamics were set out by physicists such as James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, Max Planck, Rudolf Clausius and J. Willard Gibbs.

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