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The number of ionization depends upon the probability that an electron hits a gas molecule. This probability P {\displaystyle P} is the relation of the cross-sectional area of a collision between electron and ion σ {\displaystyle \sigma } in relation to the overall area A {\displaystyle A} that is available for the electron to fly through:
Example: Consider a data value of €1,000,000, with an attack probability of 15% and an 80% chance of a successful breach. The potential loss is €1,000,000 × 0.15 × 0.8 = €120,000. Based on the Gordon-Loeb model, the company’s security investment should not exceed €120,000 × 0.37 = €44,000.
In mathematics, an event that occurs with high probability (often shortened to w.h.p. or WHP) is one whose probability depends on a certain number n and goes to 1 as n goes to infinity, i.e. the probability of the event occurring can be made as close to 1 as desired by making n big enough.
is the probability of exceedance, the probability that y max has been exceeded at least once by time t. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] This probability can be useful to estimate whether an extreme event will occur during a specified time period, such as the lifespan of a structure or the duration of an operation.
The bPOE is the probability of a tail with known mean value . The figure shows the bPOE at threshold x {\displaystyle x} (marked in red) as the blue shaded area. Therefore, by definition, bPOE is equal to one minus the confidence level at which the Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) is equal to x {\displaystyle x} .
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The learner must be able to learn the concept given any arbitrary approximation ratio, probability of success, or distribution of the samples. The model was later extended to treat noise (misclassified samples).
We can define the probability that the firm can reset its price in any one period as h (the hazard rate), or equivalently the probability (1-h) that the price will remain unchanged in that period (the survival rate). The probability h is sometimes called the "Calvo probability" in this context. In the Calvo model the crucial feature is that the ...