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The later years of the Second Temple period saw the development of several Jewish messianic ideas. From c. 170 BCE to 30 CE, five successive generations of the Zugot headed the Jews' spiritual affairs; it was during this period that several factions, such as the Pharisees , Sadducees , Essenes , Zealots , and early Christians were formed.
The Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh) consists of 24 books of the Masoretic Text recognized by Rabbinic Judaism. [14] There is no scholarly consensus as to when the Hebrew Bible canon was fixed, with some scholars arguing that it was fixed by the Hasmonean dynasty (140-40 BCE), [15] while others arguing that it was not fixed until the 2nd century CE or even later. [16]
The Old Testament (OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Israelites. [1]
The Old and New Testament canons did not develop independently of each other and most primary sources for the canon specify both Old and New Testament books. [citation needed] For the biblical scripture for both Testaments, canonically accepted in major traditions of Christendom, see § Canons of various traditions.
The People of Ancient Israel: an introduction to Old Testament Literature, History, and Thought, Harper and Row, 1974. ISBN 0-06-043822-3. Leiman, Sid. The Canonization of Hebrew Scripture (Hamden, CT: Archon, 1976). Levenson, Jon. Sinai and Zion: An Entry into the Jewish Bible (San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1985). Minkoff, Harvey.
The Book of Sirach provides evidence of a collection of sacred scriptures similar to portions of the Hebrew Bible. The book, which is dated to between 196 and 175 BCE [7] [8] (and is not included in the Jewish canon), includes a list of names of biblical figures in the same order as is found in the Torah (Law) and the Nevi'im (Prophets), and which includes the names of some men mentioned in ...
The Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, ancient non–biblical texts, and archaeology support the Babylonian captivity beginning around 586 BCE. [283] Excavations in southern Judah show a pattern of destruction consistent with the Neo-Assyrian devastation of Judah at the end of the eighth century BCE and 2 Kings 18:13. [284]
The Hebrew Bible makes reference to a number of covenants (Hebrew: בְּרִיתוֹת) with God ().These include the Noahic Covenant set out in Genesis 9, which is decreed between God and all living creatures, as well as a number of more specific covenants with Abraham, the whole Israelite people, the Israelite priesthood, and the Davidic lineage of kings.