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Absolute zero is the coldest point on the thermodynamic temperature scale, a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value. The fundamental particles of nature have minimum vibrational motion, retaining only quantum mechanical, zero-point energy -induced particle motion.
The Hagedorn temperature was discovered by German physicist Rolf Hagedorn in the 1960s while working at CERN. His work on the statistical bootstrap model of hadron production showed that because increases in energy in a system will cause new particles to be produced, an increase of collision energy will increase the entropy of the system rather than the temperature, and "the temperature ...
Plots of pressure vs temperature for three different gas samples extrapolated to absolute zero. The ideal gas law is based on observed empirical relationships between pressure (p), volume (V), and temperature (T), and was recognized long before the kinetic theory of gases was developed (see Boyle's and Charles's laws). The ideal gas law states ...
Since fixtures using discharge type lamps produce a light of a considerably higher color temperature than do tungsten lamps, using the two in conjunction could potentially produce a stark contrast, so sometimes fixtures with HID lamps, commonly producing light of 6000–7000 K, are fitted with 3200 K filters to emulate tungsten light. Fixtures ...
Since the slope shown here reaches the horizontal limit of 0 as T → 0 then the implication is that ΔS → 0, which is the Nernst heat theorem. The significance of the Nernst heat theorem is that it was later used by Max Planck to give the third law of thermodynamics , which is that the entropy of all pure, perfectly crystalline homogeneous ...
In 1914, the Coleman Lantern, a similar pressure lamp was introduced by the US Coleman Company. [9] [10] [11] In 1915, during World War I, the Tilley company moved to Brent Street in Hendon, and began developing a kerosene pressure lamp. [12] In 1919, Tilley High-Pressure Gas Company started using kerosene as a fuel for lamps. [13]
You feel cooler standing in the shade than in direct sunlight — but in reality, the shade represents the actual air temperature outside. Direct sunlight makes the weather feel warmer , usually ...
Two modern electric lamps with lampshades. A lampshade is a fixture that envelops the light bulb to redirect the light it emits. The shade is often affixed onto a light fixture to reduce the intensity of the light to observers, shield the light from a harsh environment, or for decoration by altering the color or creating shadows.