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Augustine proved victorious in the Pelagian controversy; Pelagianism was decisively condemned at the 418 Council of Carthage and is regarded as heretical by the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church. For centuries afterward, "Pelagianism" was used in various forms as an accusation of heresy for Christians who hold unorthodox beliefs.
Pelagius (/ p ə ˈ l eɪ dʒ i ə s /; c. 354–418) was a British theologian known for promoting a system of doctrines (termed Pelagianism by his opponents) which emphasized human choice in salvation and denied original sin. [1]
On Nature and Grace (Latin: De natura et gratia) is an anti-Pelagian book by Augustine of Hippo written in AD 415. It is a response to Pelagius's 414 book On Nature (Latin: De natura). Before this work, Augustine did not seem to see Pelagius as a heretic, but On Nature and Grace seems to be a turning point in the Pelagian controversy. [1]
The controversy over infant baptism with the Pelagians contributed to Augustine's change. [31] Tertullian ( c. 155 – c. 220) was the first Christian to mention infant baptism. He refuted it by saying children should not be baptized until they can personally believe in Christ . [ 32 ]
Grace for Grace: The Debates After Augustine and Pelagius (2014) is a volume of conference proceedings from a 2007 conference examining issues related to the semi-Pelagian controversy. There are thirteen essays in the book, which was edited by Alexander Y. Hwang, Brian J. Matz and Augustine Casiday. [1] [2] [3] [4]
Pelagius had criticized Jerome's commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians and Jerome wrote against Pelagius in his Letter to Ctesiphon and Dialogus contra Pelagianos. With Jerome at the time was Orosius, a visiting pupil of Augustine, who had similar views on the dangers of Pelagianism. Together, they publicly condemned Pelagius.
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The Myth of Pelagianism (2018) is a book by Ali Bonner which asserts that the Christian heresy known as Pelagianism was a "deliberately invented fiction" of its opponent Augustine, rather than an actual doctrine promoted by Pelagius. Bonner also asserts that Pelagius' actual positions were orthodox in contemporary Christianity of his time.